Month: March 2015

What Triggers an Environmental Investigation?

Posted on by Jeff Carnahan

Dry cleaners often live in a state of fear. Harsh chemicals used by these businesses can permeate the ground nearby, resulting in environmental problems that may lead to costly cleanup or litigation. Many business owners are in the dark when it comes to understanding what triggers an environmental investigation. For some, the best option is to simply look the other way.

What triggers an environmental investigation?

The most common triggering event is a requirement by a bank lending on the property. The property owner may want to refinance the property, or a prospective buyer of the property wants to obtain financing.

Other issues that can trigger environmental investigations include:

·         Contamination being discovered  in municipal or private drinking water wells

·         Contamination being discovered beneath neighboring or down gradient properties

·         Regional investigations conducted under the direction of state or federal regulatory agencies

How does this process begin?

When a bank evaluates whether or not to lend on a commercial property, they will require a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA). The Phase I ESA is a due diligence evaluation of the property to identify potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities. A Phase I ESA is conducted under guidelines established by ASTM International, an organization of engineers, scientists, and policymakers that set technical standards.

The consultant conducting the Phase I ESA will inspect the site for signs of staining, evidence of spills, stressed vegetation, determination of underground and above ground tanks, secondary containment, violations, and operating practices. They will evaluate records at the fire department, local health department, state environmental agencies, and federal EPA to determine whether fires or chemical spills were reported on the subject property or on neighboring properties. This review would also evaluate what businesses are operating in the vicinity that could cause environmental impacts that may impact the subject site.  The past operation of certain types of businesses, including dry cleaners, automatically increases the chance that further ground testing will be required prior to lending.

New guidance passed in 2013 puts greater emphasis on assessing the potential impacts from vapor intrusion and vapor migration on the property. The definition of an environmental concern within the guidance has been changed to include contamination in the subsurface vapor phase, in addition to the soil and groundwater.

The net result of this new guidance will be an increased focus on dry cleaners that used perchloroethylene (PERC).

What happens after the Phase I ESA?

Should the Phase I ESA identify a reasonable potential that soil and groundwater may be impacted, the consultant will suggest conducting a Phase II ESA. A Phase II ESA includes collection of subsurface samples to determine whether the property has been impacted with chemicals that pose a risk to human health or the environment.

What does this mean?

PERC is a common dry cleaning solvent, which is why focus is placed on dry cleaners. When PERC is found in the groundwater, the situation escalates rapidly.

The State of California, for example, found levels of PERC in municipal drinking water wells and immediately sought to identify all dry cleaners that operated within a mile radius of the well for the previous 50 years.  By using historical records, the address, name, and period of time a dry cleaner operated at a location can be identified.

If PERC, or any other contaminant is found in soil or groundwater during a Phase II ESA, the release is required to be reported to the state environmental agency.  Subsequent investigations and, ultimately, remediation activities, are then required to be performed with oversight by the agency.

The term “release” will now also include identified impacts in the vapor phase (i.e. soil gas). The need to assess the subsurface vapor phase (soil gas phase) will likely result in increased sampling, which could lead to an increase in dry cleaner sites identified as potentially having releases from their operations.

What can you do?

All dry cleaners must understand how investigations are triggered and what to expect after, which is why locating the old commercial general liability (CGL) insurance policies is vital. Old CGL policies written before 1985 or 1986 don’t include absolute pollution exclusion language and can be used to defend the insured against contamination claims.

EnviroForensics is highly regarded for our expertise in chlorinated solvent contamination and vapor intrusion (VI) issues. If VI is a concern for your property, we encourage you to learn more.

To find out additional information about environmental remediation triggers and steps you can take to protect your business, contact us today.

EnviroForensics® is an environmental engineering firm specializing in soil and groundwater investigation and remediation and vapor intrusion assessment and mitigation. EnviroForensics® has all the tools available to us to perform the highest caliber science in the market today, which allows designing and implementing knowledgeable, innovative and effective solutions to PCE and TCE contamination. EnviroForensics® has pioneered and perfected the utilization of Commercial General Liability insurance policies as a resource to pay for the high costs associated with soil and groundwater investigations, remediation, and legal defense. 

Using Historical Insurance to Cover Investigation and Cleanup Costs

Posted on by Jeff Carnahan

by: Steve Henshaw, CEO of EnviroForensics & PolicyFind

As seen in Cleaner & Launderer
Clothes hanging in dry cleaning warehouse
Underground contamination can be a problem at a dry cleaning site that used chlorinated solvents in the past, but it this doesn’t have to be something that ruins a business owner’s savings or reputation.

More often than not, environmental contamination and historical operations of a dry cleaning business go hand in hand. While this may sound unfair, one could say the same thing about the historical operations of a gas station, a metal plater, and even a computer microchip manufacturer. This was particularly true for activities in the 1970’s and 1980’s. Industries that used chemicals for cleaning and degreasing were not aware that when those chemicals spilled, even accidentally and in small quantities, they could (and often) have led to soil and groundwater contamination.

Why are degreasing chemicals harmful?

Degreasing chemicals fall under a general organic chemistry category called chlorinated hydrocarbons or chlorinated solvents. These chemicals are characterized as being heavier than water (meaning they sink into the groundwater), persistent in the environment (meaning they don’t decompose very fast), volatile (meaning they prefer being in the gas phase over the liquid phase) and carcinogenic (meaning they have been determined to either cause cancer or may likely cause cancer at certain exposure levels). No matter which side of the argument you stand on, whether cleaning solvents cause cancer or not, one thing everyone should agree on is that investigating and remediating chlorinated solvent sites with Perchloroethylene (PERC) or Trichloroethylene (TCE) is very expensive.

Who’s responsible for the clean up?

With respect to responsibility, any person or company that owned or operated a business where chlorinated solvents were used should know that with very few exceptions, they are legally liable for contamination associated with that business and operation. Worse yet, the law states that an individual or the business is held jointly and severally responsible. Finally, like taxes, environmental liability is considered a long-tail liability in that it never goes away.
On the face of it, what I’ve presented seems so unfair. After all, chlorinated solvents were considered to be safe and state of the art since they were not explosive or flammable like petroleum based products (e.g. kerosene or Stoddard solvent). People were handling the solvents in accordance with the laws of the time some 50 years ago and now they are considered an environmental risk subject to legal enforcement. Businesses that operated with good housekeeping practices and followed the rules are subject to be in the same category as a business that showed blatant disregard for the laws or the environment and operated a business with intentional pollution. In addition, a business that operated only for one year is just as liable for the environmental contamination as a business that operated for 20 years. Who makes this stuff up? It most certainly is not fair. Enough of the doom and gloom though.

“Absolute Pollution Exclusion”

After ~1985, most insurance companies added very specific language to CGL policies that contained absolute pollution exclusion. In other words, they were not covering individuals and businesses for pollution or contamination associated with dry cleaning operations. A separate environmental policy would be required to cover environmental pollution and contamination. Better yet, the courts in some states have ruled that the term “pollution” and therefore “pollution exclusion” is an ambiguous term due to the way insurance policies were written, even after the nationwide changes that took place in ~1985.

Consider these two examples:

  1. If an accident happened while you were filling your car’s gas tank at that gas station and you or someone you were with was injured, then you would expect the gas station’s insurance to cover any injuries.
  2. Yet, if the gasoline from a gas station drained into the ground and caused contamination to drinking water, this situation would not be covered by insurance because the gasoline is now considered a contaminant. I think this logic was in play when courts of some states ruled that the word “contamination” was ambiguous.

So, if you or your business bought CGL insurance before the policies contained absolute pollution exclusion language, you are likely to have insurance coverage that can address environmental contamination, even if that contamination has only been recently discovered. In addition, if you acquired the business, the business before you may have insurance that would cover environmental contamination costs.

You might say, “That’s all great, but what if I can’t find my old policies or the policies that were bought by former owners?”. In my experience, more times than not, those old policies (or evidence of insurance) can still be found. There are companies, like PolicyFind™, with investigators called insurance archeologists that focus on finding old policies or evidence of old policies. In my experience, more often than not, a good insurance archeologist can find evidence of old insurance.

Let’s say you found old insurance. Now what? Insurance is designed to defend and indemnify a policyholder against a claim. The claim is the demand from the regulatory agency or third party requiring action to mitigate the damage or harm. In some states, a claim or suit could be a letter from the regulatory agency or a neighboring property owner demanding a response to identified environmental contamination. In other states, the courts have determined that the insurers must only defend an actual lawsuit.

insurance archeologist looking through files
A consultation from an experienced insurance archeologist can uncover millions of dollars in usable assets to pay for environmental cleanup and legal fees.

In pulling this concept together, a defense would include paying for lawyers dealing with the environmental contamination. A defense would also include quantifying an individual or business’s environmental exposure and liability. The only way to quantify environmental liability is to collect environmental samples (e.g. soil, soil gas, indoor vapor, and groundwater). It would also mean determining how expensive a cleanup would be, which means that aquifer tests, feasibility studies, and remediation technology evaluations, should be covered.

Obviously, the process of using old insurance policies has many parts and can include an insurance archeology component, a legal component, and a technical component. All three parts have to work together to get the business back in good standing. Understanding all aspects of the process is not your job, that’s why you hire experts like EnviroForensics® and PolicyFind™ to take care of the process for you.

If you’re facing an environmental liability of hundreds of thousands of dollars, you should look into historical insurance policies and see how they could work for you and your situation. We have worked with hundreds of business owners who have used historical insurance to help pay for environmental investigations and remediation. Depending on the set of facts, known environmental insurance claims can be sold and assigned to other third parties to manage and run. Small businesses, including their stock, insurance assets and liabilities can be bought and sold. There are numerous permutations to the business side of managing environmental claims and a whole new industry is in front of us. It might be encouraging to know that there are companies out there still fighting the good fight.

Contact us today by filling out our Dry Cleaner Form

With over 30 years of experience, Steve Henshaw, PG has a wide range of experience in the environmental remediation field. As CEO of EnviroForensics, Henshaw serves as a client and technical manager on projects associated with site characterization, remedial design, remedial implementation and operation, litigation support and insurance coverage matters. These projects have included landfills, solvent and petroleum refineries, metal plating shops, food processors, chemical manufacturers and distributors, heavy equipment manufacturers, and transporters. Henshaw’s expertise includes knowledge of industry practices and procedures, and an extensive understanding of contaminants in soil and groundwater. He has also served as a testifying expert on behalf of individual landowners and facility operators at several Brownfields sites impacted by industrial activities.

Henshaw is passionate about access to clean water in developing countries and co-found a 501(c)(3) nonprofit called Water For Empowerment in 2015. The organization’s current project empowers women and girls in rural Nicaragua to create healthy futures through clean water initiatives.